The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. 52 0 obj When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. This is an example of_______ cause. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. Festinger, L. (1957). 48 0 obj In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. Discourage questions and alternate solutions. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. New York: Harper & Row. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. Festinger, L. (1957). In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. The S worked at this task for another half hour. We'll bring you back here when you are done. /Linearized 1.0 0000010660 00000 n Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. & JANIS, I.L. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey 3. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. They were paid a lot of money to lie, and that explained why they lied. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. A theory of cognitive dissonance. In Asch's black line experiment, participants. These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. Don't see what you need? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. 80 0 obj <> endobj hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. 1959. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. enjoyable than the others would. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). Or is there something more nuanced at play? This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. J. abnorm. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. In groupthink, members of the group______. Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. endobj We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. /L 680077 His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. Cite details from the essay that support your response. The said group served as the control group of the experiment.
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