As Iago asserts to Roderigo, Virtue? In Re-Visioning Psychology, the published text of his 1972 Yale Terry Lectures (the same lecture series Jung gave in 1937), Hillman locates the archetypal neither in the physiology of the brain, the structure of language, the organization of society, nor the analysis of behavior, but in the processes of imagination (xi). Many fell prey to Jungs idiosyncrasies as a reader, ranging widely and naively over genres, periods, and languages in search of the universal archetypes, while sweeping aside cultureand text-specific problems, ignoring their own role in the act of reading and basing critical evaluation solely on a texts contribution to the advancement of the readers individuation process, a kind of literature-astherapy standard. William Shakespeare utilized archetype frequently as a literary device in his plays. His demise was of his own doing. Archetypal criticism is a literary approach that analyzes works of literature based on the idea that there are universal, timeless patterns and themes that recur across all cultures and throughout history. to view the complete essay. Othello relies easily on Iago to believe without being thought deeply. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. Archetypal criticism is a type of literary criticismexamining the presence of archetypal characters within a piece of literature. "In Sidney's view, tragedy provokes "the affects of admiration and commiseration" and so demonstrates "the uncertainty of this world". To wronged Othellos service. He interprets literature in the light of various rituals and myths. You elements that clip us round about, Othello is a man of high rank in Venice. Mythological critics compare one work to others with similar story . Each literary theory will examine the text through different lenses, resulting in different interpretations. By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself. That Cassios not alive. Shakespeare on the other hand has portrayed women as both object and subject. The men of the play manipulate her image of a naive lover to being a strumpet! (V.ii.94). Othello Zootopia Act 1 The wall Othello is referring to are the Walls of Nicosia which surround the capital city Nicosia in Cyprus. She stayed loyal to her lover throughout the entire play and in the end it did her no good. In spite of his elevated status, he is nevertheless easy prey to insecurities because of his age, his life as a soldier, and his race. An analysis of women being victims in Othello: Othello is a play written by William Shakespeare in the 1600s, this essay is from a feminist perspective. Even French feminist Julia Kristeva has been brought to praise a Jungian contribution to feminist discourse on the maternal: recognition that the Catholic churchs change of signification in the assumption of the Virgin Mary to include her human body represented a major shift in attitude toward female corporaiity (113). archetypal criticism in othello James Hillman, Archetypal Psychology: A Brief Account (1983), Re-Visioning Psychology (1975); C. G. Jung, Collected Works (ed. As in a typical Shakespearean comedy, love, tested, triumphs over all opposition. Desdemona replies that it was her fault: Nobody I myself. And concomitantly, on which of these levels was the reader affected? After confronting Desdemona of her crimes he decides to carry out his overall plan to end his trues loves life. So much I challenge that I may profess And new theories increasingly give credence to the requirement, historically asserted by Jungian readers, that each text elicit a personal, affective, and not merely intellectual response. Alfiero, like Iago, similarly arouses the Moors suspicions by stealing Disdemonas handkerchief and planting it in Cassios bed-room. However, these fields of study contributed a lot to the development of archetypal criticism through the characters of Sir James Frazer and Carl Jung. 3. Altho a tragic ending it may be, Othello couldn't stand being a such a fool to have believed such lies about his one and only love. Othello is a tragedy plan written by William Shakespeare. The moment he showed violence towards Desdemona, the audience lost interest in comforting Othello. In The Tragedy of Othello, Shakespeare details the story of a celebrated military hero who falls victim to the machinations of a conniving villain who goes by the name of Iago. Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. Abstract. Because of that, it has generated a lot of literary criticism in the 400 years since it was written and first . Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. Othello must now face the realization of what he has done. On a general level, Jungs and Fryes theorizings about archetypes, however labeled, overlap, and boundaries are elusive, but in the disciplines of literature the two schools have largely ignored each others work. A storm has dispersed the Venetian fleet so that Cassio arrives first, anxious for Othello's safety. This last text explicitly named the movement and demonstrated its appropriation of archetypal theory for feminist ends in aesthetics, analysis, art, and religion, as well as in literature. To date, the British Journal of Analytical Psychology and the retitled American Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture are the best resources for archetypal criticism of literature and the arts even though only a small percentage of their published articles treat such topics. He had even gone as far as hitting her (4.1 134). But the great literary text for Jungs life and work was Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Faust, not because of its literary qualities but because he sensed that the drama expressed his own personal myth (Letters 1:309-10). I do perceive here a divided duty: The scapegoat is the character that gets blamed for everything regardless if he or she was actually the one who did or not (Archetypes). Iagos motivation is anything but explainable in conventional terms. Frye's thesis in "The Archetypes of Literature" remains largely unchanged in Anatomy of Criticism. Northrop Frye, however, further developed this theory in his book Anatomy of Criticism and later in his essay 'The Archetypes in Literature . Thus criticism evolving from his work is more accurately named archetypal and is quite distinct from myth criticism. The term 'archetype' is taken from the Greek words 'arche' (beginning) and 'typos' (imprint). This does not stop her, though, from continuing to care for Othello. Othellos motivation in the play appears to be his love and concern for his wife Desdemona, which ironically, ends up being his downfall in the end. This type of criticism was first experimented by Maud Bodkin, in his book Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (1934). Othello was crafted at the dawn of the 17th century, shaped by complex social and geopolitical issues that new historicist critics, who seek to place literary works within a historical framework, have recently sought to unravel. As the play progresses, and Iagos plan culminates, Othellos good fortune begins to turn. Unlike the other Shakespeare tragedies, which follow the common ideas for Shakespearean tragedy, Othello includes some of the ideas from classical tragedies. He seems to breathe an atmosphere as fateful as that of King Lear, but more confined and oppressive, the darkness not of night but of a close-shut murderous room. Child and Youth Care and Disability CYC 3000 Assignment: Getting to Know Disability Justice A deep dive into activists introduced by L. Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha Due Week 2, Friday at 11:59p It is important that you begin to learn about the various people and organizations that are leading the conversation on disability justice. Toril Moi, trans. New theoretical approaches appear to legitimize orthodox Jungian ways of reading, sanction Jungs range of literary preferences from She to Faust, and support his highly affective reaction to Ulysses, which he himself identified (positively) as a subjective confession (i5:io9n). To you, preferring you before her father, Peopleshow more content An outburst that othello has in a crowd of his peers causes people to start to question their noble leader. Farewell / Commend me to my kind lord. A tragic hero has many characteristics, 3 of them being that they must have an error in judgement, they must have a reversal of fortune, and they must recognize that the reversal of fortune was brought about by their own actions. Source: Groden, Michael, and Martin Kreiswirth. In the beginning of the play, Othello is seen as content with his new bride: For know, Iago, But that I love the gentle Desdemona (1.2.24-25). The character of Iago is so conducted, that he is from the first scene to the last hated and despised. Othello, likewise, has tradud the state and has changed from noble and valiant Othello to a beast, with the passion that ennobled him shown as corrosive and demeaning. - Alfredo Alvarez, student @ Miami University, We use cookies to provide the best possible experience on our site. Shakespeare's play, Othello, the Moor of Venice, is a powerful example of a tragedy and its main character, Othello, is an excellent illustration of what Aristotle constitutes as a tragic hero. He is a character of high stature that is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. The example essays in Kibin's library were written by real students for real classes. The dynamic of Othellos character significantly changes throughout the play. Key quotation (Aside) O, you are well tuned now!But I'll set down the pegs that make this music, As honest as I am. Furthermore, they must also have a fatal flaw, that eventually leads to their downfall. 1. Bettina Knapps 1984 effort at an authoritative demonstration of archetypal literary criticism exemplified this pattern. Earnest Cassirer, a social anthropologist was an important influence on myth criticism. Of one that loved not wisely but too well, The main ideas of Othello are jealousy and revenge. What makes you cringe? Desdemona is shown as the most pure and proper of the women in Othello and is put into the center of all the drama. Speak of me as I am. In Othello, the plot meets the definition of both Aristotle and Shakespeare on a tragedy. Shakespeare shifts the action from Venice to Cyprus. Uncover new sources by reviewing other students' references and bibliographies, Inspire new perspectives and arguments (or counterarguments) to address in your own essay. Beat a Venetian and tradud the state, While adding to the tone of the story it also adds to the characters overall personality from the reader's perspective. This heuristic distinction was formed, however, solely on psychobiographical grounds: Did the text originate in, and remain principally shaped by, the authors experience of consciousness and the personal unconscious or his or her experience at the level of the archetypal collective unconscious? What hooks you? Eventually, this leads to Othellos suicide. Egypt) and titles (e.g. While acknowledging the grave weaknesses of much Jungian writing on literature as unsubtle and rigid application of preconceived psychological notions and schemes resulting in particularly ill-judged or distorted readings, van Meurs still finds that sensitively, flexibly and cautiously used, Jungian psychological theory may stimulate illuminating literary interpretations (14-15). When he realizes the grave mistake he had made by taking an honest Desdemona's life he can no longer live with himself. The three fundamental qualities of an archetype are: An archetype is a preconscious, instinctual expression of man's basic nature. Succeeds in unknown fate. Archetypal criticism, then, construed as that derived from Jungs theory and practice of archetypal (analytical) psychology, is a fledgling and much misconstrued field of inquiry with significant but still unrealized potential for the study of literature and of aesthetics in general. This allows our team to focus on improving the library and adding new essays. By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself. Let him command, And to obey shall be in me remorse, Othello is now reduced to questioning his wife's maid, Emilia, looking for evidence of Desdemona's infidelity. O my souls joy, A general in the army, Othello holds a distinguished place in the Duke's court due to his victories in battle, but not an equal one. The concept of the archetype is a venerable philosophical principle that came into new prominence and usage in the twentieth century with the development of archetypal literary criticism . His expression of his jealousy quickly devolves from the conventional"Farewell the tranquil mind"to the absurd: Farewell the plum'd troops and the big wars. Jung most frequently used myth (or mythologem) for the narrative expression, on the ethnological level (Collected 9, pt. May the wind blow till they have wakened death, Kibin. As Dian's visage, is now begrimed and black. Richer than all his tribe. Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, and Gerhard Adler, 20 vois., 1953-79), Letters (trans. In-text citation: Now art thou my lieutenant. Desdemonas true morals is her absolute devotion to her husband. (3.3.54) Ex. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play when he completely falls into the evil trap that Iago set for him. This way of proceeding had the effect of putting, and keeping, archetypal criticism on the margins of academic discourse and outside the boundaries of traditional academic disciplines and departments. Shakespeare derived his plot from Giraldi Cinthios Tale of the Moor, in the story collection Hecatommithi (1565), reshaping Cinthios sensational tale of jealousy, intrigue, and murder in several key ways. A tragic hero is a hero nonetheless, but it all comes down to how they hold themselves together in the face of. At the center of the plays intrigue is Shakespeares most sinister and formidable conceptions of evil in Iago, whose motives and the wellspring of his villainy continue to haunt audiences and critics alike. In this play there are only three women in the entire play. During the play Iago manipulates Othello because Lieutenant Cassio was promoted ahead of him, and also because he suspects that Othello has had an affair with his wife. Archetypal Criticism Archetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, . Feminist Critique of the Character Desdemona in Othello Introduction Women during Elizabethan age are assumed to have spent their lives in the service of men - prearranged marriages, child rearing, and their role as sexual objects. They're not intended to be submitted as your own work, so we don't waste time removing every error. The Moor is eventually captured, tortured, and slain by Disdemonas relatives, while the ensign dies during torture for another crime. Bibliography If after every tempest come such calms, Often in our society people are labelled as, or fit into a, certain character mould and their behaviour and actions remain consistent. the characters in Shakespeare's play Othello ever challenge the right of a husband to murder a wife accused of adultery. ukraine russia border live camera /; June 24, 2022 However, Othello's words give a deeper insight into how he still misunderstands the situation. How to respect you; you are the lord of duty; The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single villain, but is rather a consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments and misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification exhibited by all of the participants. No single motive is relied on for long, and the gap between cause and effect, between the pettiness of Iagos grudges and the monstrousness of his behavior, prompted Samuel Taylor Coleridge in a memorable phrase to characterize Iagos motiveless malignity. There is in Iago a zest for villainy and a delight in destruction, driven more by his hatred and contempt for any who oppose his conception of jungle law than by a conventional naturalistic explanation based on jealousy or envy. However, the Moor and Alfiero join forces to kill Disdemona, beating her to death with a stocking filled with sand before pulling down the ceiling on her dead body to conceal the crime as an accident. He is an individual of high stature who is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. Northrop Frye has been the most influential of those critics who have argued that archetypal patterns underlie the modes, plots and genres of literary works. / Man but a rush against Othello's breast / And he retires." After the. He suffers barbs and preconceived notions, yet Othello is esteemed and wins the love of the daughter of a nobleman. An archetypal critic would also say that the recurring patterns in literature prove that there are universal I will withdraw "Othello is like a hero of the ancient world in that he is not a man like us, but a man recognized as extraordinary". Then must you speak Here are some ways our essay examples library can help you with your assignment: Read our Academic Honor Code for more information on how to use (and how not to use) our library. To The Reader Baudelaire Analysis; Used Dudek Universal For Sale; Is Ignatius J Reilly Autistic; Spring League Football Tryouts; marxist criticism in othello act 1 . Cultural criticism is exploring or examining the relationship of dominant role based on ethnicity, and sexual identity of person, also a great understanding of yourself. The tragic hero archetype is used in many different pieces of writing and with every character comes a different way of using it. Archetypal Criticism of Othello Othello, one of Shakespeare's most popular tragedies, is full of symbols, motifs, and themes that make it relatable to people all over the world. . O, damn her, damn her! In archetypal criticism, under the reductive method of analysis, a critic, while elucidating a text, moves from the particular truth to the general truth. Within these three days let me hear thee say O, farewell! Desdemona on her deathbed, still defends her Lords actions. This assignment is intended to encourage you, and require you . His works range from ingenious poems, such as Fear No More, to plays, such as The Tragedy of Othello. Placing responsibility in the stars - he calls Desdemona an "ill-starred wench" - is hardly a gallant course of action. Given this background, it is not surprising to find in a 1976 essay entitled Jungian Psychology in Criticism: Theoretical Problems the statement that no purely Jungian criticism of literature has yet appeared (Baird 22). And the 1980s saw a new, suggestive, and controversial direction in archetypal studies of literature: the feminist. Abstract. But Wheelwright, for example, barely mentions Jung (The Burning Fountain, 1954), and he, Fergusson, and others often owe more to Sigmund Freud, Ernest Jones, Oedipus Rex, and the Oedipus complex than to anything taken from Jung. Perplexed in the extreme; of one whose hand, Jungs Psychology of the Unconscious (1916, B. M. Hinkles translation of the 1911-12 Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido) appeared in English one year after publication of the concluding volume with bibliography of the third edition of J. G. Frazers The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (2 vols., 1890,3d ed., 12 vols., 1911-15). Seeing her dying, Emilia asks who would do this. Iago leads Othello to suspect that love and devotion are shams disguising the basest of animalistic instincts. From the moment when the temptation of the hero begins, the readers heart and mind are held in a vice, experiencing the extremes of pity and fear, sympathy and repulsion, sickening hope and dreadful expectation. Examples of Archetype in Shakespearean Works. Their union is opposed by Desdemonas father, Brabantio, and by a rival for Desdemona, Roderigo, who in the plays opening scenes are both provoked against Othello by Iago. When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, O, farewell! (5. Posted on . 364-367). The formerly self-sufficient Othello has now staked his life to his faith in Desdemona and their union, and she has done the same. Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example? (2023). The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single person, but is rather the consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments, misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification revealed by the characters. As mine own face. The Critical Analysis Of A Novel: Atonement By Ian Mcewan Atonement by Ian McEwan is a literary masterpiece and a highly critically acclaimed novel. reflects the archetypal villain" (Sen, ). No products in the cart. But Jos van Meurss critically annotated 1988 bibliography, Jungian Literary Criticism, 1920-1980, effectively challenges this claim. Further, the text offered confirmation (and poetic representation) of the only direct contribution Jung made to literary theory: a distinction between psychological and visionary texts (Collected 15:89-90). It is in Act 3 Scene 3 where Othello takes on a new persona, where his confidence and happiness is tragically replaced with jealousy and rage. "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." With some of its advocates supported through early publication of their work in the journal Spring, feminist archetypal theory and criticism of literature and the arts emerged fullblown in three texts: Annis Pratts Archetypal Patterns in Womens Fiction (1981), which self-consciously evoked and critiqued Maud Bodkins 1934 text; Estella Lauters Women as Mythmakers: Poetry and Visual Art by Twentieth Century Women (1984); and Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprechts Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985). Iago replies: Demand me nothing; what you know, you know: / From this time forth I never will speak word. By Iagos exiting the stage, closing access to his motives, the focus remains firmly on Othello, not as Iagos victim, but as his own. Archetypal criticism proceeds from the initial assumption that every work of literature can be categorized and fitted into a large framework that encompasses all literature. Othello, though, decides to kill her. Confirmation of this theory was Jungs reading of Faust: part 1 was psychological; part 2, visionary.. We'll take a look right away. In a mess of questions of good and evil, right and wrong, critical supporters of Iago (T.S. Othello is generally regarded as Shakespeares greatest stage play, the closest he would ever come to conforming to the constrained rules of Aristotelian tragedy. The scene crowns love triumphant. The tragic heros downfall, said Aristotle, was brought upon by some error of judgement. norwegian cruise line dining menus archetypal criticism in othello. In his "The . The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. The traits of the tragic hero lead the audience to feel compassion for the helpless victim. Thus, all contrastive categorization would benefit from archetypal analysis. And will upon the instant put thee tot. Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away By trying to hide the fact that Othello had murdered her, Desdemona has chosen to put the honor of their love above honesty. In addition, Othello is far from being a perfect character - another quality that meets Aristotle's requirements. Olympus-high, and duck again as low Archetypal Criticism Volume I. The movie Zootopia uses animals to portray racism and sexism; predators do not like prey and vice versa. Myth criticism grew in part as a reaction to the formalism of New Criticism, while archetypal criticism based on Jung was never linked with any academic tradition and remained organically bound to its roots in depth psychology: the individual and collective psyche, dreams, and the analytic process.
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