English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. By instinct, Elizabeth was a Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Write a paragraph or two. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. 14-16 / - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Company Reg no: 04489574. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. LS23 6AD he could also overthrow her. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. VAT reg no 816865400. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. 214 High Street, The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. 214 High Street, The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. Dedicated to. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . - death of henry II. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Apply for student finance without a bank account? In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. . The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. King Philip of Spain sent an. The invasion failed, however. Boston House, The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Become a Member | Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Therefore, I disagree with the statement. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Died: 24 March 1603. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. LS23 6AD Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack.
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