Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. If it was not Continue Reading 26 18 Matt Jennings Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. That shows sexual migratory activity not genocide. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. No, it's not. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. In both these stages the Bantu expansion seems to have coincided fairly closely with the spread of the Iron Age; and, if the spread of the Iron Age through the area north of the southern woodlands can now be traced in something like the detail which we already have for Zambia and Rhodesia, the mystery of the Bantu expansion will have been largely unravelled. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . The early stages of migration were slow. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. The Bantu Migration/Expansion was a complex event thus the interactions between the Bantu and non-Bantu were also complex. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. Again, you do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. These are huge areas. The Bantu languages, a closely-knit family of 440 to 680 languages (depending on how one distinguishes between a language and a dialect), are spoken across the southern third of the African continent, from the boundary between modern day Nigeria and Cameroon in the west, to southern Somali in the east, and as far south as the Cape. cit. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. If you would like to reproduce it please get in touch via this form. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. This empire was one of the most powerful in African History and left an indelible mark on modern-day South Africa. [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. You do not currently have access to this chapter. The Bantu Expansion was probably the biggest example of genocide 4in human history. You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. Press J to jump to the feed. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Another stream settled in the central areas of modern Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia, initiating a complete population replacement of the native African Pygmies who previously inhabited the area. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. Also known as the Bantu conquest of Africa - 2,000 Years of Bantu supremacy, racism, conquest, genocide, rape, war, cannibalism and colonisation. [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. The linguistic core of the Bantu languages, which comprise a branch of the Atlantic-Congo language family, was located in the southern regions of Cameroon. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Zulu Warriors in full Battle Regalia Source: i.imgur.com. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 40003500BC. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. for this article. They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. 1 This article is based on a paper read at the Royal Society of Arts on 5 May 1966 and printed in that Society's Journal, CXIV (1966), 85269. The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. They are from Western Africa and East African countries like Tanzania. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Keywords: Bantu migration, Great Lakes Africa, Bantu . The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. [1] I'd imagine it's the same way. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. The dominance of Bantu-speaking people is evident in their movement and control over the areas they encountered. Their two-metre-long assegais were no match for the Zulus' iKlwa, and they died in their hundreds. A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. By that logic, you have to say that the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain (Which took place in 6th century CE, about 2 centuries after the Bantu made it to what is now South Africa) was a genocide as most of the Y-DNA of the English is Anglo-Saxon not Celtic or pre-Celtic. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. Postulated millennia-long series of migrations. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. Like hes a supposedly a historian but I see no mention of him going to a university. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. There seems to be much more evidence for the Bantu Expansion than the Aryan 'Invasion' (quote marks because some suggest migration, some say invasion). . The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. Of course not. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. [16] The majority of the groups of the Bamenda highlands (occupied for 2 millennia to date), somewhat south and contiguous with the Mambilla region, have an ancient history of descent from the north in the direction of the Mambilla region. His Impis, or regiments, were relentless and unstoppable. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. The dissolute prince of a minor tribe, playing fast and loose, raped and impregnated the daughter of a neighboring tribal chieftain. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. Published online by Cambridge University Press: During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. However, Simon Webb/History Debunked is a bad faith actor, he cherry picks a lot of his info and he's clearly spreading false history. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory.
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